Technically you can go to the Type and Attribute management and add a new effectivity type (from a UI perspective), however you need to do customization to make your new effectivity type to work in a Config filter (as mentioned by @HelesicPetr ).
Before going into the technical aspects, what is your use case? What other effectivity type your business needs? (if you can give a hint without disclosing any propreitary information).
We may need to look in to configuration management perspective based on your need. Technical solution will come once that is settled.