Sketch pattern functionality is not available in Creo and for good reason. The patterns are available at the feature level and can absolutely be used to ..."draw one rectangle of the appropriate size for the length of joint then pattern it appropriately to divide up the space." if that is how you want to control your design.
You need to consider the design intent as well as your workflow to set this up for maximum advantage, but Creo is extremely capable and customizable. To do this effectively you have to obtain an understanding of the available functions and understand parent/child behaviors etc.
In your case I would create a udf for the tab/slot pairs; one UDF for the tab and one for the corresponding slot. Build these UDFs such that they can be placed with only the selection of a CSYS in the target model.
In each model requiring the tab/slot you would place a csys in the part that will locate/orient each instance of the UDF. If there are multiple tabs/slots along an edge of the part use patterns to distribute the required csys features along the edge with the proper spacing. Then you place the UDF using the lead member of a pattern and then use reference pattern to replicate the UDF on all of the members of the pattern.
It is possible to map the locations between parts via a skeleton model and or the use of a notebook such that you can locate the slots on one part to align with the tabs on a parental reference part if you are clever about it.